Popular types of water purification

1. Reverse Osmosis (RO)

The most effective system — removes up to 99% of contaminants, including heavy metals, nitrates, chlorine, and bacteria. The downside is that beneficial minerals get removed along with harmful substances, plus a fair amount of water goes to drain. Popular brands: iSpring, APEC, Aquaphor.

2. Carbon Filters

Simple and inexpensive — pitchers (Brita, Aquaphor), faucet attachments, or under-sink inline filters. They're good at removing chlorine and odors and improving taste, but weaker against heavy metals and microorganisms.

3. Ultrafiltration (UF)

Membranes with larger pores than reverse osmosis — they trap bacteria and suspended particles but let dissolved salts through. Often used as a pre-treatment stage.

4. UV Disinfection

Doesn't filter mechanically but kills bacteria and viruses with ultraviolet light. Usually paired with other filters rather than used alone.

5. Ion Exchange (Water Softeners)

Remove hardness minerals (calcium, magnesium) — relevant for areas with hard water, often installed before a washing machine or boiler.

6. Multi-Stage Systems

Combine several technologies (sediment + carbon + RO/UV) — the most complete option for a home.